A Scientometric Study of Digital Literacy, ICT Literacy, Information Literacy, and Media Literacy

doi:10.2478/jdis-2021-0001

Abstract

Abstract:

Purpose: Digital literacy and related fields have received interests from scholars and practitioners for more than 20 years; nonetheless, academic communities need to systematically review how the fields have developed. This study aims to investigate the research trends of digital literacy and related concepts since the year of 2000, especially in education.
Design/methodology/approach: The current study analyzes keywords, co-authorship, and cited publications in digital literacy through the scientometric method. The journal articles have been retrieved from the WoS (Web of Science) using four keywords: “Digital literacy,” “ICT literacy,” “information literacy,” and “media literacy.” Further, keywords, publications, and co-authorship are examined and further classified into clusters for more in-depth investigation.
Findings: Digital literacy is a multidisciplinary field that widely embraces literacy, ICT, the Internet, computer skill proficiency, science, nursing, health, and language education. The participants, or study subjects, in digital literacy research range from primary students to professionals, and the co-authorship clusters are distinctive by countries in America and Europe.
Research limitations: This paper analyzes one fixed chunk of a dataset obtained by searching for all four keywords at once. Further studies will retrieve the data from diverse disciplines and will trace the change of the leading research themes by time spans.
Practical implications: To shed light on the findings, using customized digital literacy curriculums and technology is critical for learners at different ages to nurture digital literacy according to their learning aims. They need to cultivate their understanding of the social impact of exploiting technology and computational thinking. To increase the originality of digital literacy-related studies, researchers from different countries and cultures may collaborate to investigate a broader range of digital literacy environments.
Originality/value: The present study reviews research trends in digital literacy and related areas by performing a scientometric study to analyze multidimensional aspects in the fields, including keywords, journal titles, co-authorship, and cited publications.

Key words: Digital literacy, ICT literacy, Information literacy, Media literacy, Scientometrics

Park, Hyejin, Han Sung Kim, and Han Woo Park. "A Scientometric Study of Digital Literacy, ICT Literacy, Information Literacy, and Media Literacy." Journal of Data and Information Science, vol.6, no.2, 2021, pp.116-138. DOI: 10.2478/jdis-2021-0001

Figures/Tables 12

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Figure 1.

Table 5

Figure 2.

Table 6

Frequently cited publications.

Rank	References	Citation
1	Jenkins, H. (2009). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.	19
2	Jenkins, H. (2006a). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.	17
3	Knobel, M., & Lankshear, C. (2006). A new literacies sampler. NY: Peter Lang.	14
4	Ng, W. (2012). Can we teach digital natives digital literacy?. Computers & Education, 59(3), 1065-1078.	13
5	Jenkins, H. (2006b). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York, NY: NYU Press.	11
	Fraillon, J., Schulz, W., & Ainley, J. (2013). International computer and information literacy study. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: IEA
	Gawalt, E., & Adams, B. (2011). A chemical information literacy program for first-year students. Journal of Chemical Education, 88(4), 402-407.
8	Hargittai, E. (2010). Digital na(t)ives? Variation in Internet skills and uses among members of the net generation.Sociological Inquiry, 80(1), 92-113.	10
	Buckingham, D. (2003). Media education: Literacy, learning and contemporary culture. Cambridge, UK: Polity.
	Bennett, S. (2008). The ‘digital natives’ debate: A critical review of the evidence. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(5), 775-786.
	Coiro, J.. Knobel, M., Lankshear, C., & Leu, D. (2008).Handbook of research on new literacies. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group.
	Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. New York, NY: Routledge.
13	Hobbs, R. (2010). Digital and media literacy: A plan of action. Washington, D. C.: The Aspen Institute.	9
13	Binkley, R., Erstad, O., Herman, J., Raizen, S., Ripley, M., Miller-Ricci, M., & Rumble, M. (2012). Defining twenty-first century skills. In P., Griffin, B., McGaw, & E., Care (Eds.), Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills (pp. 17-66). Dordrecht, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media B. V.	9
15	Fraillon, J., Ainley, J., Schulz, W., Friedman, T., & Gebhardt, E. (2013). Preparing for life in a digital age. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14222-7	8
	Locknar, A., Mitchell, R., Rankin, J., & Sadoway, D. (2012). Integration of information literacy components into a large first-year lecture-based chemistry course. Journal of Chemical Education, 89, 487-491.
	Ferres, J., & Piscitelli, A. (2012). Media competence. Articulated proposal of dimensions and indicators.Comunicar, 19(38), 75-81.
	Ito, M., Baumer, S., Bittani, M., Boyd, D., Cody, R., Herr-Stephenson, B......, Tripp, L. (2010). Hang out, messing around, and geeking out: Kids living and learning with new media. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
	Claro, M., Preiss, D., Martin, E., Jara, I., Hinostroza, J., Valenzuela, S......, Nussbaum, M. (2012). Assessment of 21^st century ICT skills in Chile: Test design and results from high school level students. Computers & Education, 59(3), 1042-1053.
	Greene, J. A., Yu, S. B., & Copeland, D. Z. (2014). Measuring critical components of digital literacy and their relationships with learning. Computers & Education, 76, 55-69.
	Koltay, T. (2011). The media and the literacies: media literacy, information literacy, digital literacy. Media, Culture & Society, 33(2), 211-221.

Table 6

Table 7

Frequently cited journal articles and main findings.

Articles	Topic	Participant	Major finding
Ng (2012)	Digital natives’ use of new technology and digital literacy	Undergraduate students (pre-service teachers who are yet to become teachers)	? Undergraduate students learned the new technology easily and used it in a meaningful way for learning.
Gawalt and Adams (2011)	Chemical information literacy program	Undergraduate students taking chemistry course and instructors	? Chemical information literacy program was useful for instructors and students to search and read literature.
Hargittai (2010)	Internet users’ skills and diversity	Undergraduate students	? Socioeconomic status was a critical predictor ofundergraduate students’ Internet use in their daily life.
Bennett (2008)	Debate on digital native	Literature on digital native	? Renovated education should be provided to meet the needs of digital natives
Locknar et al. (2012)	Discovering Scientific Information Program (DSIP)	Undergraduate students taking chemistry course	? Using DSIP improved students’ library research skills.
Ferres and Piscitelli (2012)	Criteria for media education or media literacy and indicators for new media competence	-	? Media education along with critical thinking and aesthetic thinking was suggested. ? Convergence of technological revolution and neurobiological revolution was proposed.
Claro et al. (2012)	Chilean secondary school students’ ICT skills	Chilean secondary school students	? Students tended to utilize ICT skills as information consumers rather than information producers. ? Students’ socioeconomic aspects, daily use, accessibility, and confidence in using ICT were related to their academic performance.
Greene et al. (2014)	Self-regulated learning (SRL), Epistemic Cognition (EC), and academic performance	Undergraduate students	? Internet-based learning enhanced students’ understanding. ? SRL and EC were related to digital learning outcomes.
Koltay (2011)	Similarities and differences between media literacy, information literacy, and digital literacy	-	? Media literacy, information literacy, and digital literacy were compared in terms of definition and features.

Table 7

Table 8

Clusters of co-cited publications.

Cluster	Cluster topic (Co-cited publications, mean year of co-citations)	Major co-cited publications
0	Digital literacy (55, 2007)	? Jenkins, H. (2006b). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York, NY: NYU Press. ? Bennett, S. (2008). The ‘digital natives’ debate: A critical review of the evidence. British Journal of Educational Technology, 39(5), 775-786. ? Coiro, J.. Knobel, M., Lankshear, C., & Leu, D. (2008). Handbook of research on new literacies. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group. ? Lankshear, C., & Knobel, M. (2006). New literacies. Everyday practices and classroom learning (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Open University Press. ? Kress, G. (2003). Literacy in the new media age. New York, NY: Routledge.
1	ICT literacy (42, 2012)	? Fraillon, J., Schulz, W., & Ainley, J. (2013).International computer and information literacy study. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: IEA ? Fraillon, J., Ainley, J., Schulz, W., Friedman, T., & Gebhardt, E. (2013). Preparing for life in a digital age. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-14222-7 ? Binkley, R., Erstad, O., Herman, J., Raizen, S., Ripley, M., Miller-Ricci, M., & Rumble, M. (2012). Defining twenty-first century skills. In P., Griffin, B., McGaw, & E., Care (Eds.),Assessment and teaching of 21st century skills(pp. 17-66). Dordrecht, Germany: Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
2	Epistemic perspective (37, 2010)	? Barzilai, S., & Zohar, A. (2012). Epistemic thinking in action: Evaluating and integrating online sources. Cognition and Instruction, 30(1), 39-85.
3	Exploratory study (32, 2013)	? Ng, W. (2012). Can we teach digital natives digital literacy?. Computers & Education, 59(3), 1065-1078. ? Greene, J. A., Yu, S. B., & Copeland, D. Z. (2014). Measuring critical components of digital literacy and their relationships with learning.Computers & Education, 76, 55-69.
4	Performance test (25, 2008)	? Hargittai, E. (2010). Digital na(t)ives? Variation in Internet skills and uses among members of the net generation. Sociological Inquiry, 80(1), 92-113.
5	Integrating chemical information instruction (24, 2012)	? Gawalt, E., & Adams, B. (2011). A chemical information literacy program for first-year students. Journal of Chemical Education, 88(4), 402-407. ? Locknar, A., Mitchell, R., Rankin, J., & Sadoway, D. (2012). Integration of information literacy components into a large first-year lecture-based chemistry course. Journal of Chemical Education, 89, 487-491.
6	Cigarette smoking (19, 2005)	? Primack et al. (2006). Association of cigarette smoking and media literacyabout smoking among adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 39(4), 465-472.
7	ICT literacy (18, 2006)	? Ferres, J., & Piscitelli, A. (2012). Media competence. Articulated proposal of dimensions and indicators. Comunicar, 19(38), 75-81.
8	Neil Postmans view (16, 2010)	? Jenkins, H. (2009). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
9	School-performance feedback use (15, 2006)	? Schildkamp, K., Visscher, A., & Luyten, H. (2009). The effects of the use of a school self-evaluation instrument. School Effectiveness and School Improvement, 20(1), 69-88.
10	Online forum (12, 2009)	? Ito, M., Baumer, S., Bittani, M., Boyd, D., Cody, R., Herr-Stephenson, B......, Tripp, L. (2010). Hang out, messing around, and geeking out: Kids living and learning with new media. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
14	Professional practice (9, 2007)	? Hermans, R., Tondeur, J., van Braak, J., & Valcke, M. (2008). The impact of primary school teachers’ educational beliefs on the classroom use of computers. Computers & Education, 51(4), 1499-1509.
17	Regarding media (6, 2006)	? Livingstone, S. (2004). Media literacy and the challenges of new information and communication technologies. Communication Review, 7(1), 3-14.

Table 8

Figure 3.

Table 1

Co-occurring keywords in Clusters.

Cluster 1 (78 co-occurring keywords)
Achievement	Adult learning	Age	Attitudes
Behavior	Beliefs	Challenges	Classroom
Community	Competence	Computer	Computer literacy
Computer self-efficacy	Computer use	Computer-mediated communication	Constructionism
Context	Design	Digital competence	Digital divide
Digital literacy	Digital media	Digital natives	Divide
E-learning	Education	Elementary education	Environment
Environments	Evidence-based practice	Family	Framework
Gender	Gender differences	Gender-differences	Higher education
Higher-education	Home	ICT	ICT literacy
Impact	Improving classroom teaching	Informal learning	Information
Information literacy	Instruction	Integration	Internet skills
Internet use	Learning	Lifelong learning	Media in education
Metaanalysis	Model	Natives	Online
Pedagogical issues	Perceptions	Performance	Perspective
Preservice teachers	Program	Satisfaction	School
School-students	Secondary education	Seeking	Self-efficacy
Social capital	Social networks	Students	Teachers
Teaching/learning strategies	Technology	University	Validation
Validity	Web
Cluster 2 (43 co-occurring keywords)
Adolescents	Advertising	Association	Audiences
Behaviors	Children	Cigarette-smoking	Citizenship
Civic engagement	Collaborative learning	Competences	Consumption
Critical media literacy	Critical thinking	Democracy	Digital literacy practices
Empowerment	Exposure	Facebook	Initiation
Intervention	Literacy	Media	Media competence
Media education	Media literacy	New media	Participation
Prevention	Programs	Risk	Schools
Smoking	Social media	Social networking	Teacher training
Technologies	Television	Tobacco	Tobacco use
Web 2.0	Youth	United-states
Cluster 3 (30 co-occurring keywords)
Adolescence	Adult	Audience	Case study
Childhood	College	Critical analysis	Critical literacy
Critical pedagogy	Digital	Early adolescence	Ethnography
Film	Information and communication technologies	Informational text	Instructional technology
Libraries	Literacies	Music	New literacies
Popular culture	Qualitative	Reading strategies	Research methodology
Sociocultural	Specific media	Teaching strategies	Texts
Theoretical perspectives	Visual literacy
Cluster 4 (19 co-occurring keywords)
Early adolescence	Adolescence	College	Adult
Adolescent	Materials	Content literacy	Domain knowledge
Engagement	Identity	Information literacy	Instructional strategies
Media literacies	Methods	Motivation	Professional development
Teacher education	University students	Writing
Cluster 5 (18 co-occurring keywords)
Chemical information	Chemoinformatics	Communication	Communication/writing
Courses	Curriculum	First-year undergraduate/general	Inquiry-based/discovery learning
Internet/web-based learning	Learn	Organic chemistry	Problem solving/decision making
Science	Scifinder scholar	Second-year undergraduate	Skills
Student-centered learning	Upper-division undergraduate
Cluster 6 (12 co-occurring keywords)
Contexts	Culture	English	Issues
Language	Literacy practices	Multiliteracies	Pedagogy
Policy	Reading	Singapore	Multimodality
Cluster 7 (12 co-occurring keywords)
Assessment	Comprehension	Credibility	Epistemological beliefs
Inquiry	Internet	Knowledge	Personal epistemology
Prior knowledge	Readers	Strategies	Text

Table 1

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Rank	Co-authors	Frequency
1	Valcke, M.	16
	Claro, M.
	San Martin, E
4	Kiili, C.	14
4	Leu, D. J.	14
6	Clark, A.	13
	Jara, I.
	Preiss, D. D.
	Valenzuela, S.
10	Primack, B. A.	12
10	Chen, C. H.	12
12	Lin, T. B.	11
	Dagenais, D.
	Toohey, K.
	Chang, K. E.
	Chang, T. Y.
	Hu, K. W.
	Huang, C. J.
	Huang, K. L.
	Huang, T. H.
	Liao, J. J.
	Liu, M. C.
	Luo, Y. C.
	Shen, H. Y.
	Sung, Y. T.
	Leppanen, P. H. T.